Traditional Energy Use
Africa’s energy story begins with the widespread use of traditional biomass—wood, charcoal, and agricultural waste—as the primary sources of energy, especially in rural areas.
Early Modern Energy
During the colonial and post-colonial periods, early grid development and large projects began to appear—especially hydropower along major rivers such as the Nile and Congo.
Fossil fuels, especially coal and oil, also grew in importance and came to dominate national energy sectors in several countries.
Example: South Africa expanded coal-fired generation, while Nigeria became a major oil producer.
The Access Gap
As populations grew and urban centers expanded, many rural areas were left behind with limited access to electricity—highlighting the need for faster, more inclusive energy solutions.